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Et si avant de mourir, il fallait tuer notre double numérique ? – Digital Society Forum

Novembre, le mois de la fête des morts, notamment ceux qui sont tombés pour ou à cause de leur pays, selon qu’on soit patriote ou pacifiste. Novembre, donc, un mois propice pour aborder un sujet tabou : la mort numérique, c’est-à-dire la mort de notre double numérique consécutivement à la nôtre, ou plutôt le fait que, justement, notre double numérique nous survive.

L’essentiel des articles sur le sujet énumèrent les traces numériques, plus ou moins gênantes, que nous laissons derrière nous, et le mode d’emploi pour les gérer post mortem ou anticiper la situation en rédigeant un testament numérique déterminant ce qu’il doit advenir, par exemple, de nos profils dans les réseaux sociaux.

Sans surprise, un business à fort potentiel se développe autour de la mort numérique. Yahoo, au Japon, commercialise Ending, un service qui gère l’enterrement physique et digital de la personne. Le site laviedapres.com propose un service troublant, celui de préenregistrer des messages à l’attention de nos proches, qui seront envoyés après notre disparition selon un calendrier précis, par exemple à Noël, ou pour un anniversaire… A n’en pas douter, ces nouveaux entrants dans le business de la mort viendront bousculer les pompes funèbres, s’occupant de l’enterrement à la fois des corps et des données, réunissant la mort physique et sa sœur numérique au sein d’une seule et unique expérience.

L’écho de notre mort physique dans le monde numérique pose de nouvelles questions d’ordre juridique : dérèglementation des services mortuaires et des dépositions testamentaires, héritage des données personnelles, etc. Nous avons en effet tous en tête le hoax de Bruce Willis, intentant un procès à Apple parce qu’il ne pouvait pas transmettre sa collection de mp3 à ses enfants. Les données personnelles en tant que patrimoine, voilà un sujet qui devrait inspirer les juristes et les fiscalistes pendant les années à venir.

Passons à présent à des considérations plus philosophiques : la vie après la mort. Selon les promesses du Big data, notre double numérique deviendra tellement dense et collant, telle notre ombre, qu’une intelligence artificielle pourrait un jour reprendre notre vie digitale au moment où aura cessé de battre notre cœur bien réel. Elle pourrait continuer à faire interagir ce « nous hors-sol » avec nos proches encore vivants et avec les intelligences artificielles de ceux qui auront disparu. La grande frustration, c’est que pour ceux qui mourront, ça ne changera pas grand chose : ils resteront hors-jeu.

Mais, il y a une autre option : la cryogénisation. Dans les minutes qui suivent le décès d’un candidat au grand froid, une injection d’antigel est effectuée, suivie d’un plongeon dans de l’azote liquide à -196 °C. Le caisson est ensuite scellé et transféré dans l’une des trois sociétés qui proposent ce service de stockage un peu spécial : Alcor et Cryonics Institute aux Etats-Unis, ou le laboratoire KrioRus en Russie. 300 corps, ou juste les têtes selon les techniques, seraient ainsi conservés en attendant une hypothétique résurrection. 2 000 personnes auraient signé un contrat avec ces sociétés pour un montant pouvant atteindre 200 000 euros. Les candidats à la cryogénisation espèrent que, dans un futur plus ou moins lointain – l’année 2100 promettent certains – nous serons capable redonner la vie à un mort et de contrer la dégénérescence du corps.

Regardons la mort de la mort en face. Aubrey de Grey, informaticien devenu biologiste et apôtre du transhumanisme, l’affirme : « L’homme qui vivra 1 000 ans est né ». Il est convaincu que nous pourrons bientôt réparer nos corps comme on répare une voiture (métaphoriquement bien sûr). Un peu de rouille dans les articulations ? Hop une petite injection de cellule souche. Des artères bouchées ? Hop, de nouvelles artères fraîchement imprimées, etc. Les biotechnologies nous promettent une plus grande qualité et quantité de vie. Mais les chercheurs en la matière ne semblent pas s’intéresser aux conséquences économiques, démographiques, politiques, religieuses, philosophiques de cette révolution… Bref, ils ne semblent pas se soucier du choc que la fin de la mort pourrait provoquer sur l’humanité tout entière et des inégalités qu’elle induirait. Nous pouvions jusqu’ici nous consoler avec cette réalité intangible, celle qui nous mettait in fine sur un pied d’égalité : riches ou pauvres, gentils ou méchants, beaux ou laids, noirs ou blancs, hommes ou femmes, nous mourrons tous un jour… Mais à supposer que cette vérité puisse être contredite, ne soyons pas naïfs : demain, tous n’auront pas les moyens de devenir immortels.

Et en attendant cette hypothétique immortalité, nous serons nombreux, simples mortels de l’ère pré-numérique, à avoir péri. Et nous aurons à choisir entre laisser nos données nous survivre ou faire appel à un Digital Death manager, un métier qui, lui, a de l’avenir, afin de faire le ménage dans nos espaces numériques. Il viendra sonner à notre porte, nos données personnelles encore « sanglantes » sous le bras, et sans un bonjour, il dira : « Victor… Nettoyeur… ».

Digital death and the digital afterlife. How to have one and how to avoid it

Digital death and the digital afterlife. How to have one and how to avoid it

In 2012, the UK’s Sunday Times reported that actor Bruce Willis was going to sue Apple because he was not legally allowed to bequeath his iTunes collection of music to his children. The story turned out to be false (and shockingly bad journalism) but it did start a conversation about what we can, and can’t, do with our digital possessions.

It turns out that “possessions” is actually a misnomer. We actually don’t own the music, books and movies we “buy” from Apple and Amazon. As Amazon puts it in its license terms, “Kindle Content is licensed, not sold, to you by the Content Provider”. In other words, we are allowed to read the content but we are not allowed to pass it on.

It comes as no surprise then that 93% of Americans surveyed were unaware or misinformed when asked about what digital assets they were able to pass on in the event of their death.

But the problems don’t stop there. Relatives of the recently deceased are frequently left with a range of decisions and challenges when it comes to dealing with their online accounts, especially social media. This is not made easier by the fact that every company implements different strategies in dealing with accounts belonging to a deceased user, coupled with the fact that in the UK in 2012 at least, the average user had 26 accounts. In most cases, getting an account shut down requires close family to produce a range of documentation to prove that they have the right to request that the account is terminated. This doesn’t allow for those relatives to get access to the content of the accounts however.

Taking a lead in making the process of handling accounts of the deceased simpler, Google has implemented their Inactive Account Manager. This allows anyone to specify what should happen in the event that an account has not been accessed for at least 3 months. Up to 10 people can be notified and the contents of the accounts, including services such as YouTube and Google+, shared with them. Alternatively, the accounts can simply be automatically deleted.

Facebook will, on request, “memorialise” a person’s Facebook page. This freezes the page with the same permissions as it had when it was last accessed by the user but will stop the page from being discovered in a search and will not actively promote the page to others.

The role of social media in the bereavement process has been the focus of an increasing amount of research. Generally, it is thought that social media can help in the bereavement process, although the persistence of a person’s profile online may make final acceptance of the passing more difficult. An interesting finding has been that when people post on a memorial page, they frequently do so in the present tense as if the person was still alive.

In the UK, a survey has found that 36% of people would like their profiles to continue being available online after they die, with a larger proportion of 18-24 year olds preferring this option than over 55s.

It doesn’t have to stop there. There are now services which allow you to continue Tweeting after you die using a bot that has studied your tweeting style. Other services allow users to send final messages via Facebook and LinkedIn.

Digital estate planning is starting to become more of the norm and people are being prompted to think about what they want done with their digital assets and accounts after they die. This is going to be a significant issue for social media companies in the future. Since Facebook started, about 10-20 million users will have died. This number will increase and eventually overtake the number of living users on the site, by one estimate, in 2060.

In one humorous envisioning of the future, Tom Scott has produced a disturbing possibility in his video “Welcome To Life: the singularity, ruined by lawyers”. In it, he describes a corporate sponsored network as a resting place for the digital version of your consciousness, that is, of course, ad sponsored. In this case as with the question today, it is perhaps best for all if your online social presence ends when you do.

Digital Estate Planning

Digital Estate Planning

By Ryan Johnson, IT Director

A news story circulated not too long ago about a lawsuit brought by Bruce Willis against Apple involving the star’s right to transfer ownership of his vast iTunes collection to his heirs when he dies. Though the story was ultimately debunked by his representatives, it raised an interesting dilemma surrounding the ownership of digital assets and the transferability of those assets posthumously.

In our increasingly digital world there is a greater need to protect the digital assets we amass over time. Digital content can be any information that is published or distributed in a digital form, including data, photographs, images, text, sound recordings, images, video, or software. Digital assets include this type of content along with one’s online persona (including passwords to and content on social media sites). Currently, there are only five states that have laws governing digital estate planning.[1] As a result, an overwhelming majority of jurisdictions lack any direct statutory guidelines governing digital asset bequeathment, leaving loved ones in a vast gray area of the law. So while traditional estate planning plays a major role in protecting both tangible and intangible assets alike, the law has been slow to evolve with emerging technology.

Traditional Estate Planning

Essentially, one’s estate amounts to anything a person owns, tangible or intangible. Traditional estates are defined as a person’s interest in land or other property and consists of items that are owned and have value.[2] As such, traditional estate planning primarily involves a three-step process to posthumously dispose of property: (1) a consultation to consider an individual’s present and lifetime needs, (2) a thorough plan designed around meeting those needs during the client’s lifetime, and (3) the creation of a unified estate plan that balances the client’s needs during his/her lifetime with the needs of his/her estate after death.[3] Our increasingly digital world has added complexity to this process by creating a whole new class of digital assets that traditional estate planning tools may not be equipped to handle.

Digital Estate Planning

Digital estate planning has other benefits beyond the ability to successfully transfer digital assets to your heirs. It also makes life easier for the estate’s executor and family members, impedes identify theft, protects the decedent’s intellectual property interests, and preserves a decedent’s digital legacy.[4]

Currently, there is no uniform standard to bequeath one’s digital estate, however digital estate planning can be something as simple executory guidelines to one’s executor listing important URLs, usernames, passwords, security codes, and other information needed to access online accounts.[5] Among the most common digital assets are licenses, which are fully transferable within a trust. To facilitate such transfers, author Joseph M. Metrek suggests providing clients with a “Digital Asset Revocable Trust” (DART).[6] Essentially, the DART, like a traditional trust, will retain ownership of digital assets beyond the life of the grantor. Consequently, a trustee would have the authority to manage and transfer authorized licensing agreements to a client’s heirs based on the needs established when the estate was created.

In addition, an executor or fiduciary can mitigate the amount of personal hardship and grievance associated with digital estate planning by following a simple set of guidelines.[7] Experts recommend that fiduciaries implement the following crucial steps when administering a decedent’s digital estate:

  • “Seek the assistance of technical help if necessary.
  • Work on consolidating virtual assets to as few “platforms” as possible (e.g. have multiple e-mail accounts set to forward to a single e-mail account.
  • Obtain statements (or data) of the prior twelve months of the decedent‘s important financial accounts.
  • Consider notifying the [individuals] in the decedent‘s e-mail contact list and other social media contacts.
  • Change passwords to those that the fiduciary can control (and remember).
  • Keep all accounts open for at least a period of time to make sure all relevant or valuable information has been saved and all vendors or other business contacts have been appropriately notified, and so all payables can be paid and accounts receivable have been collected.
  • Remove all private and/or personal data from online shopping accounts (or close them as soon as reasonably possible).
  • The fiduciary should plan on archiving important electronic data for the full duration of the relevant statutes of limitations.”[8]

Conclusion

Sadly, many will not implement traditional or digital estate plans, leaving their loved ones to sort out unfinished details of their lives. Estate planning traditionally has been a service primarily utilized by the elderly, however increasing awareness among tech savvy clients can reduce the ambivalence towards estate planning.  Essentially, digital content owners face two distinct issues; (1) whether they really own their online digital content and if so, (2) how they can pass that ownership or the use of that content on to their loved ones. One thing is for certain – without digital estate mechanisms,  such as DARTs or executory guidelines, even Bruce Willis would not be able to ensure his loved ones were legally entitled to his vast collection of blues albums.

Digital Estate Planning in a Digital Age

Digital Estate Planning in a Digital Age

Digital Estate Planning in a Digital Age

digital estate planning in a digital age
digital estate planning in a digital age

In more recent history, a news story circulated through social-media spheres involving a lawsuit by Bruce Willis against Apple Inc. involving his right to transfer ownership of his vast iTunes collection to his heirs. Though the story was debunked by his representatives, it raised an interesting dilemma surrounding the ownership of digital assets and the transferability of those assets posthumously. Digital estate planning in a digital age has become increasingly relevant.

In our increasingly digital world there is a greater need to protect the digital assets we increasingly amass over time. Digital content is referred to “any information that is published or distributed in a digital form, including text, data, sound recordings, photographs and images, motion pictures, and software.” [1] Digital assets include such digital content as one’s online persona, passwords to the likes of Facebook, Twitter, Linked In, and blogs. [2] Currently, there are only five states that have laws governing digital estate planning. [3] As a result, an overwhelming majority of jurisdictions lack statutory guidelines governing digital asset bequeathment leaving loved ones lacking legal recourse. Traditional estate planning plays a major role in protecting both tangible and intangible assets alike, however has been slow to evolve with emerging technology.

Traditional Estate Planning

Digital Estate Planning in a Digital Age
Digital Estate Planning in a Digital Age

Essentially, one’s estate amounts to anything a person owns, tangible or intangible. Traditional estates are defined as a person’s interest in land or other property. [4] Generally, a person’s estate consists of traditional assets defined as items that are owned and have value. [5] Accordingly, traditional estate planning primarily involves the posthumous disposition of property typically involving a three step process. [6] First, there is a consultation to consider an individual’s present and lifetime needs. [7] Second, and most importantly, a thorough plan designed around meeting those needs during the client’s lifetime. [8] Last but not least, traditional estate planning involves the creation of a unified estate plan, which balances the client’s needs during his/her lifetime with the needs of his estate after death. [9] Nonetheless, our increasingly digital world has created a whole new class of assets that traditional estate-planning tools may not be equipped to handle, including the ability to legally transfer a decedent’s ownership of digital assets. As such, digital estate planning in a digital age is evermore important.

Digital Estate Planning

Digital Estate Planning in a Digital Age
Digital Estate Planning in a Digital Age

Digital estate planning not only promotes alienability of ownership, but it also:

  • Makes life easier for the estate’s executor and family members.
  • Impedes identify theft.
  • Protects decedent’s intellectual property interest.
  • Preserves a decedents digital legacy [10]

Currently, there is no standard to bequeath ones digital estate, however digital estate planning can be something as simple as executory guidelines constituting a letter to one’s executor listing important URLs, usernames, passwords, security codes, and other information needed to access online accounts. [11] Since one of the most common forms of digital assets is licenses which are fully transferable within a trust, author Joseph M. Metrek suggests providing clients with a “Digital Asset Revocable Trust” (DART). [12] Essentially, the DART, like a traditional trust, will retain ownership of digital assets beyond the life of the grantor. Therefore, a trustee would have the authority to manage and transfer authorizing licensing agreements to a client’s heirs based on the needs established when the estate was created.

In addition, an executor or fiduciary can mitigate the amount of personal hardship and grievance associated with digital estate planning by following a simple set of guidelines. [13] Experts recommend fiduciaries implement the following crucial steps when administering a decedent’s digital estate:

  • Seek the assistance of technical help if necessary.
  • Work on consolidating virtual assets to as few “platforms” as possible (e.g. have multiple e-mail accounts set to forward to a single e-mail account.
  • Obtain statements (or data) of the prior twelve months of the decedent‘s important financial accounts.
  • Consider notifying the individual [sic] in the decedent‘s e-mail contact list and other social media contacts.
  • Change passwords to those that the fiduciary can control (and remember).
  • Keep all accounts open for at least a period of time to make sure all relevant or valuable information has been saved and all vendors or other business contacts have been appropriately notified, and so all payables can be paid and accounts receivable have been collected.
  • Remove all private and/or personal data from online shopping accounts (or close them as soon as reasonably possible).
  • The fiduciary should plan on archiving important electronic data for the full duration of the relevant statutes of limitations. [14]
Digital Estate Planning in a Digital Age
Digital Estate Planning in a Digital Age

Conclusion

Sadly, many will not implement traditional or digital estate plans, leaving their loved ones to sort out unfinished details of their lives. Estate planning traditionally has been a service primarily utilized by the elderly, however increasing awareness among tech savvy clients can reduce the ambivalence towards estate planning. Essentially, digital content owners face two distinct issues; (1) do they really own their online digital content and if so, (2) how can they pass that ownership or the use of that content on to their loved ones. One thing is for certain however, without digital estate mechanisms, such as DART’s or executory guidelines, even the likes of Bruce Willis would not be able to ensure his loved ones were legally entitled to his vast collection of Rob Zombie albums. Digital estate planning in a digital age is essential to pass on one’s legacy.

  1. What Happens When We Die: Estate Planning of Digital Assets, http://commlaw.cua.edu/res/docs/21-1/Perrone.pdf (last visited Aug 20, 2014).
  2. Michael Walker & Victoria D. Blachly, Virtual Assets, ST003 A.L.I –A.B.A 177 (2011)
  3. Alissa Skelton, Facebook After Death: What Should the Law Say?, MASHABLE (Jan. 26, 2012), http://commcns.org/10BZYRX. Oklahoma, Idaho, Rhode Island, Indiana and Connecticut have all enacted laws regarding digital estate planning.
  4. BLACK‘S LAW DICTIONARY 626 (9th ed. 2009).
  5. Id. at 134.
  6. Jerome Solkoff, Scott Solkoff, What is elder law—Estate planning –.14 Fla. Prac., Elder Law § 1:3 (2011-12 ed.), FLA. PRAC., ELDER LAW, § 1:3.
  7. Id.
  8. Id.
  9. Id.
  10. Planning for digital assets, http://www.southsidetrust.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Planning%20for%20digital%20assets.pdf (last visited Aug 20, 2014).
  11. Joseph M. Mentrek, Estate Planning in a Digital World. 19 Ohio Prob. L.J. 195 (2009).
  12. Id.
  13. Walker & Blachly, supra note 2, at 182-85.
  14. See generally id. at 184-85